Document Type : Critical and theoretical research

Authors

1 tourism department, university of Science and Culture, Tehran, Iran

2 PhD. Candidate in Tourism Management, University of Science and Culture, Tehran, Iran

Abstract

Search for and gaining the meaning in life and attaining the perfection had been the primordial motive of human creation. The main reason for manifesting vacuum feelings in human is the crisis of lack of spirituality. Nowadays, human beings are seeking to mean of life and are searching for something more than materiality; because with the modern and advanced technology, the dissatisfaction with life and the sense of daily routine motivates him to discover the cause and the way out of the crisis. Understanding the meaning of life and obtaining satisfaction requires the use of spiritual intelligence and will not be achieved through rational and emotional intelligence solely. In this article, we studied the various dimensions of spiritual intelligence and presented the best model for spiritual intelligence. Then, according to the literature, the impact of tourism on the human was also studied. The results of the content analysis indicate that tourism and travel are effective factors in enhancing the components of spiritual intelligence and, as a result, the promotion of spiritual intelligence, and consequently they will increase the perception of spirituality in life.

Keywords

Ambroz, M., & Ovsenik, R. (2011), “Tourist origin and spiritual motives”, Management, 16 (2), 71-86.
Amram, Y. (2007). “The seven dimensions of spiritual intelligence: An ecumenical, grounded theory”, Proceedings of the 115th Annual Conference of the American Psychological Association, 17-20.
Bagheshahi, F.; Kargar, M.; Dehghan Manshadi, S. & Kypadkhoo, L. (2014). “Intelligence and demographic characteristics of effective managers (case study: Martyr Manager of Government Agencies in Yazd province)”, Indian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Life Sciences, 4, 387-397.
Bronze, Peter, M. (2006). An Introduction to Tourism and Anthropology, translated by Hajar Houshmandi, Tehran: Afkar Publishing.
Cadkhoda, M. & Jahani, H. (2010). “Spiritual Intelligence Logic in the Decision Making Process”, Third National Conference on Creativity-Orientation, Tabriz (TRIZ), Engineering and Management Innovation of Iran.
Cohen, E. (1979). “A phenomenology of tourist experiences”, Sociology, 13 (2), 179-201.           
Delaney, M. (2002). The Emergent Construct of Spiritual Intelligence: The Synergy of Science and Spirit, Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Arizona State University.
Elkins, D. N.; Hedstrom, L. J.; Hughes, L. L.; Leaf, J. A. & Saunders, C. (1988). “Toward a humanistic phenomenological spirituality: Definition, description and measurement”, Journal of Humanistic psychology, 28 (4), 5-18.
Emmons, R. A. (1999). The Psychology of Ultimate Concern: Motivation and Spirituality in Personality, New York: The Guilford Press.
Fallahi, Kiyomars (2010). Strategy and Operations in Tour Management, Tehran: Office of Cultural Research.
Franklin, A. & Crang, M. (2001). “The trouble with tourism and travel theory”, Tourist Studies, 1 (1), 5-22.
Fredrickson, L. M. & Anderson, D. H. (1999). “A qualitative exploration of the wilderness experience as a source of spiritual inspiration”, Journal of Environmental Psychology, 19 (1), 21-39.
Ghana, S., Joybari, L. M., Sharifnya, Hekmat H., Afshar, M., Sango, A., Chehregosha, M. (2012). “Correlation of spiritual intelligence with some demographic and educational factors in students of Golestan University of Medical Sciences”, Journal of Management of Health Promotion, 2 (1), 23-17.
Graburn, N. (1989). “Tourism: The Sacred Journey”, in V. Smith (Ed.), Hosts and Guests: The Anthropology of Tourism, (2nd ed.), Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
Hafez Nia, Mohammad Reza (2006), Introduction to Research Method in Humanities, Tehran: Organization for the Study and Compilation of Humanities Books (SAMT).
Hull, R. B.; Robertson, D. P. & Kendra, A. (2001). “Public understandings of nature: A case study of local knowledge about “natural” forest conditions”, Society and Natural Resources, 14 (4), 325-340.
Hurst, S. & Koplin- Baucum, S. (2005). “A pilot qualitative study relating to hardiness in ICU nurses: hardiness in ICU nurses”, Dimensions of Critical Care Nursing, 24 (2), 97-100.
Iman, M. T. & Noshadi, M. R. (2011). “Qualitative Content Analysis”, Journal of Pazhuhesh, 3 (2), 44-15.
Irimias, A. & Michalko, G. (2013). “Religious tourism in Hungary-an integrative framework”, Hungarian Geographical Bulletin, 62 (2), 175-196.
King, D. B. (2008b). Rethinking Claims of Spiritual Intelligence: A Definition, Model and Measure, A Thesis Submitted to the Committee on Graduate Studies in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in the Faculty of Arts and Science, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada.
King. D. B. (2008a). “Personal Meaning Production as a Component of Spiritual Intelligence”, Paper submitted for presentation at The 5th Biennial International Conference on Personal Meaning.
MacCannell, D. (1973). “Staged authenticity: Arrangements of social space in tourist settings”, American Journal of Sociology, 79 (3), 589-603.
McIntosh, A. & Mansfeld, Y. (2006). “Spiritual hosting: An exploration of the interplay between spiritual identities and tourism”, Tourism: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 54 (2), 117-126.
Sahabi, Jalil & Moradi, Abdolah (2011). Analysis of cultural and social effects of tourism, The first international conference on Tourism Management and Sustainable Development, Marvdasht, Islamic Azad University, Marvdasht Branch.
Schmidt, C. (2005). Being, Becoming and Belonging: The Phenomenological Essence of Spiritual Leisure Experiences, Griffith University.
Selby, M. (2004). “Consuming the city: conceptualizing and researching urban tourist knowledge”, Tourism Geographies, 6 (2), 186-207.
Sharply, R. & Sundaram, P. (2005). “Tourism: a sacred journey? The case of ashram tourism”, Indian International Journal of Tourism Research, 7, 161–171.
Sisk, D. A. & Torrance, E. P. (2001). Spiritual intelligence: Developing higher consciousness, Buffalo, New York: Creative Education Foundation Press.
Smith, M. (2003). “Holistic holidays. Tourism and the reconciliation of body, mind spirit”, Tourism Recreation Research, 28 (1), 103-108.
Sohrabi, F. (2008). “The Basics of Spiritual Intelligence”, Journal of Mental Health, 1 (1), 14-18.
Tacey, D. J. (2003). The Spirituality Revolution: The Emergence of Contemporary Spirituality, Sydney: HarperCollins Publishers.
Uriely, N. (2005). “The tourist experience: Conceptual developments”, Annals of Tourism Management, 32 (1), 199-216.
Vaughan, F. (1993), “Spiritual in psychotherapy”, Journal of Transpersonal psychology, 23 (2), 105-119.
Vesajoki, F. (2002). The Effects of Globalization on Culture: A Study of Experience of Globalization among Finnish Travelers, MA Thesis in Cultural Anthropology, Department of Ethnology, University of Jyvaskyla.
Vukonic, B. (1996). Tourism and Religion, Oxford: Pergamon.
West, B. (2005). “Independent Travel and Civil Religious Pilgrimage: Backpackers at Gallipoli”, in West, B. (Ed) Down the Road: Exploring Backpacker and Independent Travel.
West, W. (2004). Psychotherapy and Spirituality, TRANSLATED BY Shahriar Shahidi and Soltanali Shirafkan, Tehran: Roshd Publishing.
Wigglesworth, C. (2011). Spiritual Intelligence and Why It Matters, Deep change, Inc.
Wilson, E., & Harris, C. (2006). “Meaningful travel: Women, independent travel and the search for meaning”, Tourism: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 54 (2), 161-172.
Zarei Matin, Hassan; Kheirandish, Mehdi & Jahani, Hooria (2011). “Identification and Measurement of the Components of Spiritual Intelligence in the Workplace, A Case Study at Labafi Nejad Hospital, Tehran”, Journal of Public Management Research, 4 (12), 94-71.
Zohar, D. & Marshall, I. (2000). SQ: Spiritual Intelligence: The Ultimate Intelligence, New York, NY, USA: Bloomsbury.